True random number service

What can you do about it?

Consider the following: Imagine that someone promises to
transfer money to you via their bank. They show you a
video of them using their bank’s web site to transfer the
money. After watching the video, will you trust the money
really was transferred? It probably depends on how well
you trust the person in question. The safe thing to do is
to go to your own bank’s web site and check whether a
matching payment has come in to your account. The problem
with the List Randomizer is that it doesn’t let you do
that.

The solution we have produced is very similar to the bank example.
We have designed a
new service called the Multi-Round Giveaway Service, which
allows you to go to a source you know to be the real deal
(the actual RANDOM.ORG, opened in your own
browser) and verify that what you saw in the video really
happened. The Multi-Round Giveaway Service does this by generating a
verification code at the end of every giveaway, a code
that cannot be faked and which you can use to check that
the result of the giveaway was in fact generated by the
real RANDOM.ORG.

What the verification codes do is link what you’re seeing
in the videos with the real RANDOM.ORG. When a video
giveaway has been completed, any of the viewers can write
down the verification code, open www.random.org in their
own browser (which they know will take them to the real
RANDOM.ORG) and enter the verification code. If the
broadcaster used a fake lookalike in his giveaway, the
real RANDOM.ORG will either tell you the verification code
does not exist or that it refers to a different giveaway.
If this happens, then you know the giveaway was rigged and
you can alert the other people who participated. Ideally,
at least one viewer should check the code after each giveaway,
and they should do it in their own browser (not, for
example, a browser running on the broadcaster’s computer),
so they know it’s the real RANDOM.ORG that’s doing the
verification.

Without the verification codes, there is unfortunately no way for
viewers to make sure that it’s the real RANDOM.ORG they’re seeing in
video giveaways. Fortunately, the verification codes make it easy to
be sure.

Q20: Can browser cache settings affect people’s chances?

People have asked if it is possible for a giveaway organizer to affect
the outcome of a giveaway by tampering with their browser cache, or by not clearing their browser cache before a giveaway.

The answer to this question is a clear NO. The
Multi-Round Giveaway Service is built in such a way that
the randomization of a round is never cached by
the organizer’s browser. This is also the case if the
browser is unable to contact RANDOM.ORG, for example if
the organizer’s Internet connection has dropped. In this
case, the Multi-Round Giveaway Service will display an
error message indicating that it could not reach
RANDOM.ORG. In particular, it will not re-use any old (or cached)
results, even if RANDOM.ORG is unavailable.

For the same reason, it makes no difference whether the
organizer clears their browser cache before running
a giveaway with the Multi-Round Giveaway Service.

Even if a technically savvy person rigged their
browser to cache results, the verification code shown
at the end would expose the fraud. For more information
about how verification codes work, please see .

For readers interested in the technical details, we can give a little more information.
RANDOM.ORG uses JSON-RPC 2.0 for all our APIs, including
the Multi-Round Giveaway Service. JSON-RPC 2.0 relies
exclusively on HTTP POST requests, which are generally used for
operations that are specifically not idempotent.
(An operation is idempotent if performing it multiple
times is guaranteed to give the same result every time.)
Nearly all our API methods generate true randomness in one
form or another, so very few of our methods are
idempotent. For this reason, JSON-RPC 2.0 (and hence,
HTTP POST) is a good choice for us.

For more information about how the rounds are generated and why it’s not possible for the organizer to affect them, please see .

How is this possible?

When you watch a giveaway via live stream, everything you’re
seeing is going on in the broadcaster’s browser—their Facebook
page, their use of RANDOM.ORG, etc. Unfortunately, it is possible
(and not particularly difficult for a tech savvy person) for the
broadcaster to configure their computer to show something else than
the real RANDOM.ORG when they type in
‘www.random.org’ in their URL bar. Even the
green URL bar can be faked in this manner, because the
broadcaster has full control of their own computer.

If someone rigs their computer in this fashion, they can
show a service that is made to look like the real RANDOM.ORG but which isn’t,
and when you watch the video, you wouldn’t be able to tell
the difference. As in the rigged video above, what you
see is not the real RANDOM.ORG but a fake
lookalike under the broadcaster’s control, and which picks
the winners the broadcaster has configured it to pick
before the video streaming begins. It is an impostor site
built for the specific purpose of fooling the viewers into
thinking it’s the real RANDOM.ORG. However, in fact the site has nothing to do with us.

We know for sure this has happened and also that it has
been used to defraud people, such as in the rigged giveaway
shown above.

What Fraud Looks Like

We have seen a great many people use our List Randomizer for
running video giveaways. While it’s exciting that people
come up with inventive uses for our services, the List
Randomizer was never intended for this purpose,
and for that reason we didn’t include features to let
people share or verify the results. Hence, the List
Randomizer is not suited for giveaways.

In those videos, someone (we’ll call them the
‘broadcaster’ since most of these videos are
live-streamed) typically shows himself or
herself copying a list from somewhere (e.g., Facebook) and
pasting it into our List Randomizer. The list is then
randomized a predetermined number of times, and whoever
comes out on top in the final round is the
winner.

If you watch this as a live stream, you might think that
you can
trust that what you see is really happening, i.e.,
someone is really using RANDOM.ORG to randomize a list. Even if you’re
watching a recording after the giveaway happened, you
might feel the recording gives the
giveaway some legitimacy. After all, you’re seeing it
with your own eyes, right?

The problem is that what you see in a live stream or a video might not be
what you think. It might not be the real RANDOM.ORG at all.

Q7: Can giveaway verification codes be forged?

People have asked if it’s possible to ‘clone’
or otherwise forge the verification codes generated by the
Multi-Round Giveaway Service. The answer is simply: no.
If someone makes up a fake verification code, it will be
exposed as soon as you enter it into our Verification Page. If the verification
page tells you that a code checks out (and the result you see
matches with what you saw in the live stream), then you
can be sure the giveaway was genuine.

If a verification code doesn’t check out, it can either
have expired (each code lasts a month) or the person who
ran the giveaway can be trying to scam you and the other
participants. See for details on how to determine which
is the case.

Q19: Do the entrant names affect people’s chances?

People have asked if it is possible for entrants to affect
their chances of winning, for example by choosing very
long names, or by adding special characters or symbols to them.
For example, consider a giveaway with the following entries:

John Doe
Jane Doe
Jill Doe
John Q. Public

Will Jill Doe have a different chance of winning than the
other entrants? The answer to this question is a clear
NO – it makes no difference what
characters or symbols appear in the names, or how long the
names are.

To explain why, we will go into a little more detail about
how the service works.

Every time you click the ‘Next Round’ or
‘Final Round’ buttons, the service generates a
brand new sequence of non-repeating random numbers using
true randomness from atmospheric noise. The length of the
sequence corresponds to the number of entries in your
giveaway. For example, if you have four entries, the
sequence will consist of the numbers 0–3 (inclusive)
in random order. If you have twenty entries, the
sequence will consist of the numbers 0–19 in random
order. The service then uses this sequence of random
numbers to reorder your entries.

(As an aside, you may wonder why we number the entries
from 0 and upwards, and not from 1 as may seem more
conventional. The answer is that numbering from 0 and
upwards simplifies a lot of calculations, so most
programming languages do this and as a consequence we do
too. Hence, in our entrant list, we consider John Doe
entrant #0, Jane Doe #1, Jill Doe #2, and John
Q. Public #3. However, these are the internal
details of the service, and it is perfectly fine to think
of John Doe as the 1st entrant.)

For example, our How to Run a Giveaway guide
uses the same entrant list shown above (although without
the flames around Jill’s name). When we ran that
giveaway, the service generated the following random
sequence for the first round:

3, 1, 2, 0

This random sequence was then used to reorder the entrant
names, such that John Q. Public came 1st, Jane Doe
came 2nd, and so on and so forth. This resulted in the
following result of the first round:

John Q. Public (#3 in our original entrant list)
Jane Doe (#1 in our original entrant list)
Jill Doe (#2 in our original entrant list)
John Doe (#0 in our original entrant list)

Every subsequent round generated a different random
sequence and reordered the entrants anew.

In this way, the service randomizes your entries without
looking at the entries at all. And for that
reason, it does not matter if an entrant has special
characters or symbols in their name, or if their name is
long or short.

Q1: What is the Multi-Round Giveaway Service for?

If you run giveaways, the service lets you randomize your
entrants (3,000 or less)
and generates a verification code that proves the randomization is genuine. The service supports
multiple rounds, which makes the giveaway suitable for
broadcast in in real-time, e.g., via a live stream.

If you participate in giveaways, the service gives you a
way to verify that what you saw in a live stream or a
video was not rigged. For a long time, people used our
List Randomizer for running giveaways, but a broadcaster
can easily trick you by using a fake lookalike of our List
Randomizer instead of the real thing. Not so with the
Multi-Round Giveaway Service.

Q22: Can I run practice giveaways?

People have asked if it’s possible to run free giveaways
for test or practice purposes, for example to familiarize
yourself with the service.

While there isn’t an option to do practice giveaways per se,
but you can run practice giveaways as regular giveaways
and marking them clearly as practice ones, for example by
adding the word ‘TEST’ to the description.
This will make it clear to anyone looking at your
giveaways that they shouldn’t be considered real
giveaways.

However, please note that such giveaways will still count
as real giveaways for the purposes of your
subscription. This means that unless you have an Unlimited Giveaways
subscription, they will still incur a fee or count towards
your maximum monthly number of giveaways.

Official iPhone and Android App

Our official app brings the six most popular RANDOM.ORG randomizers directly on to your iPhone or Android smartphone. We spent a lot of
time getting it just right, so to cover the costs, we have decided
to make some of the randomizers paid, i.e., you need to unlock each for
a small fee – or unlock them all at once and get a solid
discount. Once a randomizer is unlocked, you can use it as much as you
like.

Coin Flipper

The Coin Flipper contains a total of 100 coins from all
over the world, which have been donated by RANDOM.ORG fans
over the years. To flip a coin, simply tap the randomize button. To
see the full coin selection, tap the little settings cog in
the top left corner of the screen. Our favourite coins are
the Ancient Roman ones and the US Challenge Coins. The
history area shows your past coin flips.

FREE
Coin Flipper is unlocked when you download the app. You can
use it as much as you like at no cost.

Download for iPhone | Download for Android

Dice Roller

The Dice Roller can roll up to six 6-sided dice in one go.
Tap the number to select how many you want. The history area
shows your past rolls.

In-App
Purchase Dice Roller is a paid mode that must be
unlocked for a small fee. Once you’ve unlocked it, you can
use it as much as you like.

Download for iPhone | Download for Android

Card Shuffler

The Card Shuffler lets you shuffle decks of cards and turn
the cards over one at a time. You can choose whether to
include jokers or not in your deck by tapping the settings cog
in the top left corner of the screen.

In-App
Purchase Card Shuffler is a paid mode that must be unlocked for a small fee.
Once you’ve unlocked it, you can use it as much
as you like.

Download for iPhone | Download for Android

Lotto Quick Pick

Lotto Quick Pick knows over 150 lotteries from around the
world. No other lottery quick pick (that we know of) uses
atmospheric noise to generate your lottery numbers. To change
your region, tap the little settings cog in the top left
corner. If your lottery isn’t included, you can contact us
and we’ll add it.

In-App
Purchase Lotto Quick Pick is a paid mode that must be
unlocked for a small fee. Once you’ve unlocked it, you can
use it as much as you like.

Download for iPhone | Download for Android

Integer Generator

The Integer Generator can generate true random numbers for
any purpose you like. Simply enter your minimum and maximum
values and tap the randomize button.

In-App
Purchase Integer Generator is a paid mode that must be
unlocked for a small fee. Once you’ve unlocked it, you can
use it as much as you like.

Download for iPhone | Download for Android

List Randomizer

List Randomizer lets you make your own lists of items and
randomize them when you like. Not sure what to have for
dinner or which film to watch? List Randomizer to the rescue.
Particularly popular with teachers who need to quiz students randomly in class.

In-App
Purchase List Randomizer is a paid mode that
must be unlocked for a small fee. Once you’ve unlocked it,
you can use it as much as you like.

Download for iPhone | Download for Android

 

1998-2020 RANDOM.ORGFollow us: | Terms and ConditionsAbout Us

Q5: The List Randomizer is free. Why do I have to pay to use the Multi-Round Giveaway Service?

The List Randomizer was made in 2007
as a nifty tool for randomizing lists where the quality of
the randomness was important. It was never envisioned as
a giveaway tool, and for that reason we didn’t include
features to let people share or verify the results.
People still use the List Randomizer for many other things
than giveaways, so we didn’t really want to change it a
lot. At the same time, we realized that a lot of people
wanted to run small giveaways, but didn’t have the budget
for our professional Third-Party Draw Service. For this
reason, we built the Multi-Round Giveaway Service as a
good fit for small giveaways performed as live streams.

So, why does it cost money? First, we spent a lot of time
developing and testing the new service, and we think it’s
fair to charge a small fee for it. Second, and as you may
know, we offer a lot of free services (like the List
Randomizer), but since we don’t carry ads, we need to
cover the costs of hosting, bandwidth and maintenance for
those somehow. Finally, we can safely say that all our
profits are currently going into building cool new
services, many of which will be free, and we hope that you
will benefit from those too some day. For these reasons,
we hope you won’t mind paying for the Multi-Round Giveaway
Service. The alternative would have been to put ads on
the giveaways or the verification pages, but we’re not
keen on ads. They take up space on your screen, make our
services slow and ugly, and most people don’t click on
them anyway.

Q24: Why is the running time different from the timestamp shown when the giveaway is finished?

When you’re running a giveaway, you will see a running
time displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen.
This time is taken from the clock on your device. When
your giveaway is completed, you will see a timestamp
displayed in the main area. This timestamp is the
official RANDOM.ORG server time when your giveaway
completed, and it will also appear on the verification
page for the giveaway.

Sometimes, you may see a discrepancy between the timestamp
and the running time. For example, the timestamp could be
30 seconds before or after the running time. The reason
for the difference (if you see one) is that the clock on
your device (where the running time comes from) may not be
completely synchronized with RANDOM.ORG’s servers (where
the timestamp comes from).

Any discrepancy between the timestamp and the running
time has no bearing on the randomness or integrity of your
giveaway. All the critical timestamps are allocated by
our servers, so they should be considered authoritative,
even if the running time shown during the giveaway is a little different. To make
sure RANDOM.ORG’s timestamps are as accurate as possible, we keep
our server’s clocks synchronized with Google’s atomic clocks.

If you see a discrepancy between the timestamps and the
running time and you want to do something about it, the
best way is to make sure your device is synchronized with
a public time service. Your OS manufacturer most likely
offers one, and there are also alternatives,
such as time.gov, which is operated by the US National Institute for Standards and Technology.

1. Open the ‘Settings’ app and go to ‘General,’ then to ‘Date & Time’
2. Toggle the switch for ‘Set Automatically’ to the ON position (if
   this is already set ON, turn it OFF for about 15 seconds, then toggle
   it back ON to refresh)
3. Be sure the Time Zone setting is set properly for your region
4. Exit out of Settings

You will find instructions for different types of devices here:

• Mac OS
• iOS
• Windows 10
• Android

Guide to Random Drawings

RANDOM.ORG is a true random number service that generates
randomness via atmospheric noise. One of the most popular uses of
the service is to hold drawings and lotteries.
Using RANDOM.ORG, you can hold drawings in a
manner that is fair, unbiased and in a way where entrants can easily
convince themselves that you had no influence over who was picked as
winner. This page explains how to do that.

Blog and Business Giveaways

New! → Check out Video Tutorial #1 to see how the Third-Party Draw
Service works.

1. Register for a RANDOM.ORG account with at least $4.95 worth of credit. This is enough for
   one drawing with up to 500 entrants and multiple
   winners, and you can always top up later if you like.
2. Login to your account and go to the Third-Party Draw Service and begin an
   entrant-accessible drawing.
3. When the service asks you to upload your entrant list, use the
   email addresses for your entrants. RANDOM.ORG will keep these
   addresses confidential and never send emails to them.
4. When the draw is completed, you receive a link to a record of
   the drawing, which you can post on your blog or
   web site. Someone who participated in the drawing can go to this record and enter their email address to confirm
   that they really were entered into the drawing and
   whether they won.

This approach lets the entrants in your drawing verify that the drawing was held as you promised
(e.g., on a particular date), whether they were included as entrants
and whether they were picked as winners.

Questions? As always, feel free to get in touch or see the , which concerns the
Third-Party Draw Service.

Audited Lotteries and Sweepstakes

If you are a PR company, a media company, a charity or a
professional lottery operator, you may not want your drawings to be publically visible, but you do want the
records to be available to your auditors. In this case, the best
way to hold random drawings is as follows:

1. Estimate the number of entrants in your drawing and use the Price Calculator to
   see how much it will cost. For large individual drawings or many drawings over a
   period of time, you can inquire for a quote on
   a flat fee pricing or bulk discount.
2. Register for a RANDOM.ORG account with sufficient credit to cover your draw. If you end up
   having more entrants than expected, you can add the remaining
   credit later.
3. Login to your account and go to the Third-Party Draw Service and begin a
   private drawing.
4. When the service asks you to upload your entrant list, your
   can use entrant names, database identifiers, email addresses,
   phone numbers or any other alphanumeric string that identifies the
   entrants uniquely. These identifiers will remain completely
   confidential, available only to you and any auditors that you
   give access to your account.
5. When the draw is completed, you receive a link to a record of
   the drawing. The record is private, meaning that
   the details are only visible when you are logged in. To
   facilitate auditing, you will need to provide your auditors with
   your RANDOM.ORG login and password, so they can review your
   records.

Please see the description of
the Third-Party Draw Service for further details.

1998-2020 RANDOM.ORGFollow us: | Terms and ConditionsAbout Us

Q2: How does it work?

Our How to Run a Giveaway guide takes you through the
whole process, but we’ll give a short summary here too.

When you run a giveaway, you paste your list of up to
3,000 participants into our form and select the number of
rounds you want, or simply roll the dice for a random
number of rounds. Then you randomize the rounds one at a
time until you have your winner. In the final round, we
generate a verification code, valid for one month, which
proves your giveaway wasn’t rigged.

Your winners are picked using true randomness that comes
from atmospheric noise, which for many purposes is better
than the pseudo-random number algorithms typically used in
computer programs. RANDOM.ORG has generated true randomness since 1998 as described on our main site.

Q18: How likely is it to get two identical rounds in succession?

You might be interested in this question as a result of reading our How to Run a Giveaway guide, where we happened to get
two identical rounds in our example giveaway, or you might
have encountered a giveaway where this happened to you.
To human eyes, successive identical rounds may not look
very random, but of course there is a chance it could
happen. So, the question is: Exactly how likely is this
to happen?

The answer depends on how many participants and how many
rounds are in your giveaway. In the example giveaway, we had four participants being randomized
over four rounds. So let’s do some calculations. For
each of those rounds, our four participants can be
arranged in 4! = 4×3×2×1 = 24 ways.
This means that when we go into any round (other than the
first, which has no predecessor), the chance of getting
the exact same result as we had in the previous round is 1
in 24, i.e., just over 4%. Hence, with only four
participants, we should expect to see a round being
identical to its predecessor roughly once for every 24
rounds, give or take.

But it’s a little more complex than that. Our example
giveaway has three rounds in which this could happen
(since the first round does not have a predecessor). The following
formula can be used to calculate the chance of getting a successive identical round in any giveaway. If n is the number of entries and r is
the number of rounds in your giveaway, then the
probability P can be calculated as:

P(n, r) = 1 − ((n − 1)! / n!) r

For our example giveaway where n=4 and r=4,
this gives us a total chance of just under 12% of our
giveaway having successive identical rounds. Hence,
getting identical successive rounds with our four
participants as happened in our example is a little out of the ordinary, but it is
certainly within the realm of possibility. And if we do
many rounds, we should expect it to happen pretty
regularly.

If your giveaways are larger, the probability of identical
successive rounds will be much smaller. To illustrate
that, we’ve calculated the probability P(n, r) for a range of
giveaways in the table below.

Entries (n)	Rounds (r)
2	3	4	5	6	7	8
2	50.0000%	75.0000%	87.5000%	93.7500%	96.8750%	98.4375%	99.2188%
3	16.6667%	30.5556%	42.1296%	51.7747%	59.8122%	66.5102%	72.0918%
4	4.1667%	8.1597%	11.9864%	15.6536%	19.1681%	22.5361%	25.7637%
5	0.8333%	1.6597%	2.4792%	3.2919%	4.0978%	4.8970%	5.6895%
6	0.1389%	0.2776%	0.4161%	0.5544%	0.6925%	0.8304%	0.9682%
7	0.0198%	0.0397%	0.0595%	0.0793%	0.0992%	0.1190%	0.1388%
8	0.0025%	0.0050%	0.0074%	0.0099%	0.0124%	0.0149%	0.0174%

We’ve highlighted the cell in the table that corresponds
to our example giveaway. You’ll note that the chance of
getting successive identical rounds drops very rapidly as
the number of entries increases. The chance also
increases (but much slower) as the number of rounds in
your giveaway increases.

Q10: What if I suspect someone of fraud?

If someone uses the Multi-Round Giveaway Service, you can
easily check if they’re being honest. Simply open our Verification Page in
your browser and enter the verification code that appeared on the
broadcaster’s screen at the end of their giveaway. If RANDOM.ORG shows
you a giveaway that matches what you saw in the live
stream or recorded video, then the giveaway is genuine and you can trust the result.

If RANDOM.ORG tells you the giveaway doesn’t
exist, then the broadcaster is either trying to scam you
(i.e., what you saw in the video of the giveaway was not the real RANDOM.ORG) or the
verification code has expired. If RANDOM.ORG shows
you a giveaway with a different outcome than what was in
the video, then you know for certain that what you saw in
the video was not the real RANDOM.ORG and the
broadcaster is trying to scam you.

Q8: Can someone cheat by running the same giveaway multiple times?

People have asked if it is possible for someone to keep
running the same giveaway until they get the result they
want and only publish the result then.
While the Multi-Round Giveaway Service doesn’t prevent
this type of fraud per se, it
does make it very easy to detect and expose.

Here is how to do the check:

1. Open any giveaway run by the person in question. You
   can do this by clicking on a link to any of their
   giveaways or by entering a verification code for any of their giveaways into our Verification Page.
2. On the resulting page, click on the button labeled
   ‘More giveaways by X’ (X is the name
   of the person who ran the giveaway). This will take you
   to a history of all the giveaways run by this person
   over the last month running.
3. Look through the person’s history. If the person
   ran the same giveaway twice, you will see it listed twice
   in their history.

This method works because it is not possible for
someone to delete or hide giveaways from their history. Please see , and for more details.

Q15: Can I make my giveaway history private?

People sometimes ask if it is possible to make their giveaway
history private, i.e., not to display the list of all
giveaways held with their account during the last month.
For example, this can be desirable if you don’t want
your competitors to know how many giveaways you’re running.
Unfortunately, hiding the giveaway history is
not possible because it would expose the service to
fraudulent use. We’ll try and explain how below.

A possible way for someone to try and rig the result is to
run the same giveaway multiple times until they get the
winner they want and then only publish that outcome. We
call this a ‘cherry-picking’ attack, because
the fraudster wants to pick their winners like one would pick only the best cherries from a tree.

Because the Multi-Round Giveaway Service ensures your giveaway history is visible, it is easy to
detect this type of fraud using the approach we describe in
. By contrast, if the giveaway history were
hidden, there would be no way to detect this type of
fraud. While we understand there can be
commercial concerns, integrity always takes priority for us.

Q9: Someone insists on using the List Randomizer for giveaways. Should I trust them?

Probably not, unless you know them personally, or the items
they’re giving away carry little or no value. With our
monthly subscription plan, the Multi-Round Giveaway Service is
so cheap that anyone who is serious about their giveaways
can afford it. However, fraudsters know that they can
use a fake lookalike of our List Randomizer to scam you (more about this
in our Fraud Warning), and for that
reason, it’s in their interest to keep using the List
Randomizer. Someone who is serious about their giveaways
should have no problem using the Multi-Round Giveaway
Service instead, simply because it’s in their interest to show
you they’re being honest.

Media Coverage and Citations

RANDOM.ORG is a true random number service that generates
randomness via atmospheric noise. This page lists the popular media
coverage and the peer-reviewed citations that the service has
received since it went online in 1998.

How to Cite RANDOM.ORG

• APA: Haahr, M. (2020, December 3). RANDOM.ORG: True Random Number Service. Retrieved from https://www.random.org
• MLA: Haahr, Mads. “True Random Integer Generator.” RANDOM.ORG: True Random Number Service. Randomness and Integrity Services Ltd., 3 Dec. 2020 Web. 3 Dec. 2020.
• Harvard: Haahr, M. (2020). RANDOM.ORG: True Random Number Service. Available at: https://www.random.org .
• BibTeX: See our BibTeX Entry

Peer-Reviewed Citations

• Behn, Nicholas, Togher, Leanne, Power, Emma and Heard, Rob. ‘Evaluating communication training for paid carers of people with traumatic brain injury.’ Brain Injury, December 2012; 26(13–14): 1702–1715.
• Bernstein, Jay H. ‘From the Ubiquitous to the Nonexistent:
  A Demographic Study of OCLC WorldCat,’ Library Resources
  & Technical Services 50 (2): 79-90, Spring 2006.
• Biggar, Paul, Nash, Nicholas, Williams, Kevin, and Gregg, David. 2008. ‘An experimental study of sorting and branch prediction.’ ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics. 12 (Jun. 2008), 1-39.
• Byamugisha, Robert, Astrom, Anne N., Ndeezi, Grace, Karamagi,
  Charles A.S., Tylleskar, Thorkild, and Tumwine, James K. 2011
  ‘Male
  partner antenatal attendance and HIV testing in eastern Uganda: a
  randomized facility-based intervention trial.’ Journal
  of the International AIDS Society, 2011, 14:43.
• Fankhauser, Niklaus and Mäser, Pascal. ‘Identification of GPI anchor attachment signals by a Kohonen self-organizing map.’ Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press, 2005;21(9):1846-1852.
• Haahr, Mads. ‘Random Numbers,’ editor Neil
  J. Salkind, Encyclopedia of Measurements and Statistics,
  Sage Publications, 2006.
• Horvath, James W., Barnett, Gary E., Jimenez, Rafael E., Young,
  Donn C. and Povoski, Stephen P. ‘Comparison of
  intraoperative frozen section analysis for sentinel lymph node
  biopsy during breast cancer surgery for invasive lobular carcinoma
  and invasive ductal carcinoma.’ World Journal of
  Surgical Oncology, BioMed Central, 2009; 7:34.
• Huestis, Bradley J. ‘Anatomy of a Random Court-Martial
  Panel,’ The Army Lawyer, DPA 27-50-401, October 2006.
• Kellar, Ian & Abraham, Charles. ‘Randomised controlled trial
  of a brief research-based intervention promoting fruit and vegetable
  consumption.’ British Journal of Health Psychology, British Psychological Society,
  2005;10(4):543-558.
• Mowbray, Miranda & Gollman, Dieter. ‘Electing
  the Doge of Venice: analysis of a 13th Century protocol.’
  In Proc. IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium.
  (Venice, Italy July 6-8 2007), pp.295-308, ISBN 0-7695-2819-8.
• Perescis MFJ, de Bruin N, Heijink L, Kruse C, Vinogradova L, Lüttjohann A, et al. (2017) Cannabinoid antagonist SLV326 induces convulsive seizures and changes in the interictal EEG in rats. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0165363. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165363
• Rüegg, Nina, Steffen Moritz, Thomas Berger, Thies Lüdtke, and Stefan Westermann. «An internet-based intervention for people with psychosis (EviBaS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.» BMC psychiatry 18, no. 1 (2018): 102.
• Salahu-Din, Sakinah. Social Work Research: An Applied
  Approach, Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2003.
• Zijlstra, Eeuwe S., Kalitsov, Alan, Zier, Tobias, and Garcia, Martin E..
  ‘Squeezed Thermal Phonons Precurse Nonthermal Melting of Silicon as a Function of Fluence,’
  Physical Review X 3, 011005 (2013).

Popular Print

• Article in CNN Money, January-February 2012
• Article in The Awl on 3 March 2011
• Article in the Wall Street Journal on 21 September 2006
• Article in Science News on 4 December 2004 (volume 166, no. 23)
• Article in the Financial Times on 11 June 2004
• Article in the New York Times on 8 April 2004
• Article in Wired Magazine in August 2003 (volume 11, no. 8)
• Item in Focus Magazine
• Article in the New York Times on 12 June 2001

Radio

• BBC Radio 4 Front Row on 26 August 2009 in which Mark Lawson interviews writer Nicholson Baker who mentions how he has used RANDOM.ORG in his writing (MP3, 9m13s, 13 MB)
• Interview on Danish National Radio on 19 August 2003 (MP3, 11m57s, 5.7 MB)

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